Sunday, June 4, 2017

Haldimann H9





Haldimann H9
- Mark van Vuuren (2017)
 


I’m holding a wristwatch I’ve spent a great deal of time admiring, and it’s taken a great deal of sacrifice working, saving, scrimping in order to finally own one. It’s named the Haldimann H9, made by contemporary Swiss master watchmaker Beat Haldimann. It’s a manual-wind, triple-barrel flying tourbillion, in a solid platinum case. For me it’s the best movement ever made, and satisfies the dreams of early watch pioneers like Tompion, Harrison, and Breguet.

The watch glass is a totally opaque, black sapphire crystal. Totally opaque.

It keeps time, but it doesn’t tell time. Allow me to explain.

--------------------

When we were young we had it hard. The world was different then; we lived in a shack on a plot, working the land, and my father and oldest brother worked in the coal mine. I recall cold, dark mornings, the warmth of the kitchen stove, inconstant meals, and hard work. Always hard work.
Work meant money, and money meant food. One had to work. So every night, as my feet got used to the icy bed sheets, I would wind the old alarm clock, pull out the alarm pin, and then check again it had been pulled out. And check again just before putting out the candle.

When the early morning came too soon, my alarm clock rang, other alarm clocks rang and slowly the household ebbed into life. At 5:30 my mother started the kitchen fire, and began preparing breakfast. At 6:30 my father and oldest brother left for the mine, and at  7:00 my second oldest brother left for the fields. Every second month my sister would leave for the main farmhouse at 5:00 to milk the cows. I was the youngest, the only one to go to school, so I was the family’s Hope for the Future, and also secretly resented since hard labour was not my lot, even though all my free time was drowned in chores. The schoolbell rang at 8:00, and rang again at 2:00, the close of school. At 5:00 the family would start arriving home, and at 6:00 my father and oldest brother came home. I remember this time well because the house mood would change: They were tired, dirty and angry, and needed their solitude. We ate at 7:30, and at 8:30 started retiring. Sleep, labour, eat; repeat.

On Friday evenings the pay-packets for the week were lumped on the table and apportioned. We then ate supper after which my father and my brothers would go to the local pub, which served the last round at 10:00. Sunday mornings we’d sleep late, requiring to be seated in the church only at 9:00.

When I was a young adult I was fortunate to work in an office, where work started at 8:30; tea-time was at 10:30, lunch from 1:00 to 2:00. We left at 5:00. When there was overtime work we grabbed it eagerly, limited to 5 hours a week, then home, relying on a regular bus service.

When promotion came, more responsibilities came my way, and time management became imperative. Staff meeting at 9:00, manager meeting at 10:00, labour disputes at 2:00, production review at 3:00. The day became a cacophony of time-controlled boxes, each with a different purpose and demand, each with a different feeling.

I remember it quite clearly: It was the first Saturday after payday. The dance was at 8:00; we met at 9:00. It was serendipitous, she later explained, as she had intended to go to another dance but the directions got mixed up. For the next few months I knew the bus timetable to and from her house by heart, and I saw her as often and for as long as I could, restricted by the last bus of the evening, restricted by knowing I had 7 non-negotiable hours of sleep to respect, for work meant money, and money meant food.
One night I missed the last bus and walked home, and at midnight, stopping to catch my breath, it dawned on me: I was in love like I had never been before, and the world was magnificent. We married at 3:00 in the local church where my father and oldest brother were buried, and a year later, just after 3:30 in the morning after a difficult birth, my firstborn announced his arrival.

Promotion time again and I became a consultant, offering various services across departments and divisions, filling in a timesheet, getting paid according to the intellectual value I transferred within a set time. Where time was not billed, money was lost.

--------------------

Homelife and a family was something completely new to me. I had the responsibility of our baby son from midnight to 6:00, welcoming the early hours with a sense of positive purpose against the memory of my youth. My parents sacrificed their freedom when they had children, and committed themselves to a life of slavery to support us. We, the children, had a difficult upbringing balancing small pockets of gratitude and humanity against a hard life and wanting love from exhausted parents. Now a great deal of that was gone. The promise of a better life, a better humanity was becoming evident. There was now time each day in which to purposefully create joy. Times were set for rising, meals and bathing, but also for joy and laughter, which was a pleasant change from a commitment to sleep or labour. If only my parents were alive to see this.

It was at 3:00 when the phone rang, and that same night at 10:00 he was pronounced dead. The funeral service was at 9:00.

--------------------

On reflection, my son’s early death hit me rather hard. I had hoped for, anticipated, a fulfilling childhood for him, one I never had, and wanted to enjoy his fuller life with him. I had plans, savings, ideas for adventures and experiences that culminated into something worthy, something contrary to a labour-filled existence that had filled so much of my own life. From living memory, my grandfather and father had worked in a mine; this was the first generation in our family to afford free time; this death felt wrongful. I wondered aloud, “Was his death a punishment, or did this slip through cruel fate’s fingers?”

I stared at the mantle clock, specifically at the 10, and felt that that hour would always represent tragedy for me. Actually, every hour, every minute on the clock held a life experience for me: I was born at 4:00 in the morning; my sister went to work at 5:00, the kitchen fire started each morning at 5:30, at 6:30 my father and oldest brother left for the mine. At 8:00 the schoolbell rang; it was at 9:00 when the mine caved in. At 10:10 my mother aborted the twins. At 2:00 the schoolbell rang again, at 2:35 my second-oldest brother died in a wheat harvester accident. At 2:45 my father and oldest brother were buried. At 3:00 I married my wife, at 3:30 my mother drowned, her body never to be recovered. At 5:00 office hours ended, we ate at 7:30 and started retiring at 8:30. At 10:00 that evening he was pronounced dead.
           
There it was, my entire life, summarized, on a circular dial. I imagined streaks of light, of various colours and intensities, representing my life experiences hurtle towards the clock face, directed specifically to the hour and minute of its experience. The room filled with light lines travelling to the dial, and as I recalled more of my life the room lit up even brighter.

Then, I recalled my wife’s experiences. These, too, became light beams of various colours and intensities heading to the clock face to be represented. Two overly bright red beams stood out from the rest, heading to the 8 and the 9. The dance was at 8:00, we met at 9:00. This was our meeting place, and our hearts’ meeting; sweet, wonderful serendipity … Wait! She didn’t have to be there, she said she got the addresses mixed up.

The room went dark, and the bright cacophony of light beams was replaced with a cold silence and then a cruel message came to me: Time was present at all the elating, mundane, and destructive moments that defined each moment of our lives. Thousands upon thousands of variables randomly clashed each day, each moment, and we interpreted and reacted randomly to each. It was mere chance that I was born, in that moment, into a serf household, mere chance I had that job, and went to that dance. The room was dark; I could hardly make out the clock face, when suddenly a white light beam shot from the 4 into the room. I was born at 4:00; then another light beam shot from the 5, then the 6, and continued round the face, emanating from each hour, and once it returned to the 4 it continued, now coming out at each passing minute. These were my multiple lives, each filled with diverse values, each subject to chance.

“But I love her!” I cried out, and a golden beam shot from the 12; it was midnight when I recognised I had fallen in love, and slowly additional golden beams of light traversed the clock face, for each moment I would fall in love in each of the other lives I could have lived.
“I loved my son!” I shouted in anger. Just after 3:30 on the clock face a green light shone forth, and again, steadily, other points of green light shone into the room, each the first-born child of each life that chance offered. Again it was dark, a cold silent darkness, and the cruel message concluded: From the time of your birth, each life experience that shapes your multiple lives, each is real, serendipitous, each insignificant.

In defiance I held the whisky tumbler high in the air and drunkenly shouted, “I am not insignificant! We are not insignificant!” The glass cracked in my hand, the cold whisky mixed with a small trail of blood ran down my wrist, down my arm. I felt my strength returning. I brought my arm down, smashed it through the glass side-table and roared even louder, “We are not insignificant!” I half lay, half sat in the chair, crazy-eyed, sobbing. Only 3 grey lights emanated from the dial now, when my son died, when the mine caved in, and when my mother drowned. Then other grey lights popped up and started filling the room, each from a point in time my other lives would suffer death, and I knew it to be true.

--------------------

When that happens, well, some of us recover and try, try again, to create order of the universe. I couldn’t; I didn’t. It was a few months later that I returned home, then back to the office. The bosses were nice about it, and all the wall clocks and desk clocks were removed from the department. It’s hard going.

I sit here now, at peace, whisky in one shaky hand, in the other I hold my Haldimann. It keeps time, but it doesn’t tell time.


-End-



Friday, March 10, 2017

The Ubiquity of Artificial Intelligence



The Ubiquity of Artificial Intelligence
- Mark van Vuuren ©2017

Abstract

Computers have come a long way in a short space of time. Software competes against human endeavour, and has become stronger, e.g. chess and Go.  Artificial Intelligence (AI) is now a commonplace phrase, and produces creative output in, inter alia, literature, poetry, music and art. It’s not unreasonable to assume that with time these outputs will supersede human output in quality and quantity.

Introduction

In 2700 BCE Man was reliant on tools for daily survival, such as the spear for hunting, tools for making and containing a fire, and a tool for trade computations, i.e. the abacus.[i]

In the modern day, reliance on tools has not reduced, and one wonders if existence without said tools is even possible. When the handheld calculator was invented in 1967, little did anyone guess future events.[ii] For example, the square root of 4 is 2; the abacus confirms it. The square root of 2 is 1.414 and a bit. That ‘bit’ was calculated in 2010 to be 1 trillion digits, and later calculated to 10 trillion digits.[iii] It seemed unnecessary, but … Man is curious.

With regards the game of chess, in 1996 World Champion Gary Kasparov lost to a computer, named Deep Blue.[iv] This was a remarkable moment in computers, programming, AI (Artificial Intelligence) and related words only to be found in OMNI magazine.[v] There was talk that Man was well and truly on the back foot.

Since then chess software (known as chess engines) has developed. The current World Chess Champion, Magnus Carlsen, has a FIDE rating of 2835.[vi] The top 3 chess engines have chess ratings as follows:

Computer Chess Engines
Rating
Houdini 4
3277
Stockfish 6
3318
Komodo 9
3340

These chess engines can even play each other, and have been doing so at the World Computer Chess Championship for the last 22 years. The results of the last 3 years have been:[vii] [viii]

Year
Computer Chess Engine winner
2014
Junior
2015
Jonny
2016
Komodo


And in further news, the 2500 year old Chinese board game Go, has a new champion. In early 2016, for the first time, the engine AlphaGo beat the human then-champion Lee Se-dol.[ix] Back foot indeed.

Communication

When driving in one’s vehicle and using a GPS, a common feature is a voice instructing the driver when and where to turn. These are pre-programmed verbal cues corresponding to an algorithm.

In a more complicated development, there is a computer program whereby one types in any sentence, and the software verbalizes what you wrote.[x] This is known as text-to-voice. One can also instruct a page of writing to be delivered through voice, even an entire text.

Getting more complicated, one can verbally instruct one’s Smartphone, and receive audible confirmation, for example, the intelligent assistant named SIRI, found in Apple products.[xi]

Crossing the Rubicon

In 1950 Alan Turing developed the Turing Test.[xii] It is a test of computer ability to present intelligent behaviour equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, a human being. Put otherwise, if you are in a written conversation with someone, can you tell if the other side is human or a machine?

In 2014, a computer named Eugene Goostman, passed this test, which no computer had passed before.[xiii]

There is currently a program named CleverBot which allows one to type in questions and statements and receive, what appear to be, coherent replies.[xiv] Try it out.

There has been much development in the realm of presenting a verbal statement and receiving a verbal reply, like a conversation. These programs, in human mannequin form, are known as androids, and even have names: Erica,[xv] Bina48,[xvi] Nadine,[xvii] Jules,[xviii] Sophia.[xix]

This verbal riposte is entertaining; one almost believes the banter is meaningful. At a certain point of development it will be meaningful, probably first to one’s pets, then to children, perhaps even to the uninitiated. Here’s the rub: It’s always other people who are fooled, and the android will always be a clumsy automaton, or will it? Man is curious.

A vital ingredient for AI complexity is required: Creativity.

Literature

I writhed with joy, which I experienced for the first time, and kept writing with excitement. The day a computer wrote a novel. The computer, placing priority on the pursuit of its own joy, stopped working for humans.

This is the final paragraph of a short story submitted for the Japanese third Nikkei Hoshi Shinichi Literary Award, titled “The Day A Computer Writes A Novel”.[xx] What is notable about this competition is that judges are not informed which novels were written by humans and which were “created” by human-computer teams.[xxi] This short story, not a winner although it passed the first round of judging, was robot-written.

To press a button and obtain a manuscript exists even in the realm of non-fiction. Automatic essay generation exists, whereby you input the title, specify topic keywords, word count, research depth, bibliography, and within a few seconds the work is auto-written.[xxii] [xxiii]

NaNoGenMo started as a casual competition in 2013, with the requirement to write programming code during the month of November that generated a 50,000 word novel. Now in its fourth year it’s going from strength to strength. In 2015, 500 entries were received.[xxiv]

If software can identify aspects of an author’s style, it’s possible, well, probable, that similar output can be generated. This is the intent behind a Google project to predict and replicate the works of famous dead authors, such as Dickens, Austen, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Melville.[xxv] Sounds kind of like a good thing.

Poetry

Given the following 2 poems, which one was written by a human?

My adult oblivion[xxvi]

What muse and for love thus removed it, upon
My hand, others drag this thought to waft my
Name— drew. Oh, and trembling terror
Brings him fainting before thy path not have

Never fled, and there to thought's, my boast, without
One on a ring of men, three as finishing
Fate all bare sense of thee how hastily.
Oh may keep one thought of grave-damps o'er,

But only live the palmer bent on my
Lovers gone, if some palace-floor, diverse
From what sweetness, which conceal'd chips called to
Me that floats valley-fountain I wear too

Calm and absent all, my adult oblivion
Yield, at once on the kingdom of thy call


The second poem:

Leaning up[xxvii]

Is it and leaning up the fruit lingers
In night with thy love, I desperate and to
Take at my secret influence thus to
The wise souls stand further road will not say.

Let us to be christ is changed was of thee,
And what a death shall know thee withdraw their
Scheme lost saints, and injury their ears. At
Our two transform'd my foot’s dark, and precious,

And yet perplexed into the lustre spent,
And all my palm-tree something that censures
Life-angel justified follows where
Nothing hindereth o I may less truth

And such who in armour mail'd green wave appears,
And sickness if thou wert. Sonnet to do.


See the endnotes for the answer. To make it simpler, which of the following 2 sonnets were written by a computer program aka robot?

Sonnet 1[xxviii]

This is the same harsh angle of the sun,
this is the same so deadly humid heat
I felt that week your ending had begun,
reflecting from the glass along the street,
the shattered bits of accidents or trash,
the careless cost of greed obsessed with speed,
the same damned world that made your system crash
and sprout that cancer like a roadside weed.
I walked those mornings to the hospital,
eyes downcast, sweating, breathing in the fumes
of fast Columbus traffic, senses dull,
or so I thought, but now this heat exhumes
the body of that grief. I saw, I heard,
and I remember, Mother. Every word

 

Sonnet 2[xxix]

The dirty rusty wooden dresser drawer.
A couple million people wearing drawers,
Or looking through a lonely oven door,
Flowers covered under marble floors.

And lying sleeping on an open bed.
And I remember having started tripping,
Or any angel hanging overhead,
Without another cup of coffee dripping.

Surrounded by a pretty little sergeant,
Another morning at an early crawl.
And from the other side of my apartment,
An empty room behind the inner wall.

A thousand pictures on the kitchen floor,
Talked about a hundred years or more.
See the endnotes for the answer. The issue is not how good the software is but rather how fallible we are.

If software can recognise, predict and replicate the writing styles of famous deceased authors, one assumes this may well extend to poets: Shakespeare, Yeats, Wordsworth, Wilde, even Homer. Sounds kind of like a good thing.

Music

AI systems are able to create, i.e. generate music, autonomously. Sony has released 2 songs, “Daddy’s car” and “Mr Shadow”.[xxx] [xxxi] [xxxii] Global annual music sales are over $15 billion; this is a lucrative market.[xxxiii] In 2016, Google’s Magenta program produced its first piece of generated music. Just four notes were presented. After the creation the drums and orchestration were added (by humans) for effect.[xxxiv] Listen to it hear by clicking on the endnote.[xxxv]

If songs can be generated in an instant and songwriters fees waived, and if software capability is a factor of time and investment, then this area of development should reach a high level of proficiency quite soon.

Perhaps, just as software can recognise, predict and replicate writing styles of deceased authors, the same can be said for music. Music in the style of Bach, Mozart, Beethoven, and even popular music could be forthcoming. Sounds kind of like a good thing.

For example, there is a AI model named DeepBach which can compose polyphonic chorales in the style of J.S. Bach.[xxxvi] The chorale is a rather formulaic piece of Lutheran church music that usually reharmonizes a well-known melody.[xxxvii] This is not a plagiarism of Bach, and it even fooled some critics; most importantly, it  produced genuinely new work. Some critics have identified compositional errors like parallel octaves, but the Bach-like patterns of characteristic cadences to the expressive use of non-chord tones are accurate reproductions. The piece can be heard at this footnote.[xxxviii]

It must be noted that music is a powerful influencer, and not always in a good way, e.g. Seress’ Hungarian Suicide Song, aka Gloomy Sunday.[xxxix] [xl] Furthermore, the perfection of a computer’s output is cause for concern: No errors. Brian Eno warns of the same error-free, consistent production played every time, with perfected voices having been run through pitch-correction software; it’s simply not human.[xli] The algorithm might need to be tweaked.

Art

What is art? (Perhaps an easier question would be What is the meaning of life?) Art, by definition, is:
  • The conscious use of skill and creative imagination especially in the production of aesthetic objects.[xlii]
  • The class of objects subject to aesthetic criteria; works of art include paintings, sculptures, drawings.[xliii]
  • The expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power.[xliv]

The practitioners of art have a different way of defining and describing art:

1.               "Art is either plagiarism or revolution." Paul Gauguin, painter[xlv]
2.               "Art is a jealous mistress, and, if a man has a genius for painting, poetry, music, architecture, or philosophy, he makes a bad husband, and an ill provider." Ralph Waldo Emerson, essayist and poet[xlvi]
3.               "Art is meant to disturb. Science reassures." Georges Braque, painter[xlvii]
4.               "Art is long, and time is fleeting." Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, poet.[xlviii]
5.               "Art is the signature of civilizations." Jean Sibelius, composer[xlix]
6.               "Art is a lie that makes us realize truth, at least the truth that is given us to understand." Pablo Picasso[l]
7.               "Art is the Queen of all sciences communicating knowledge to all the generations of the world." Leonardo da Vinci[li]
8.               "Art is essentially the affirmation, the blessing, and the deification of existence." Friedrich Nietzsche, philosopher[lii]

These quotes are important; the artists are accomplished, the statements reflect their experience, and it becomes clear that art is essential to the human spirit.

Enter the realm of software, AI, robots, etc. The term robotic art refers to any artwork that employs a form of robotic or automated technology.[liii] Example, brush strokes, complicated patterns applied with a unique instrument.[liv] A combination of software and hardware that can produce an existing work of art seems not dissimilar to a printer printing an image. Deep Dream Generator receives images and re-interprets them to a style or medium, e.g. charcoal, crayon, psychedelic, etc.[lv] The key question, asked a bit fearfully, is Can a computer make art?

The Painting Fool is a computer program that claims to answer this question by  creating portraits based on its mood, assessing its own work, and learning from its mistakes.[lvi] [lvii] Its work has been exhibited in multiple galleries; there is even a Facebook page.[lviii]

There is also the Robot Art Contest which accepts submissions in two categories:[lix]
  • Telerobotics, which is for robots that collaborate with humans (prize money of $10 000), and
  • Fully Automated painting robots (prize money of $30 000)

French artist Patrick Tresset is the inventor of Paul-IX, an automated sketch-bot that can outline a still-life setting.[lx] The robot comprises a camera, an arm holding a writing instrument, and software that operates the process. The work has been exhibited in art galleries. There is a recording on YouTube at this endnote.[lxi]

What’s notable about Tresset’s robot is that the image is drawn on paper. Technology exists for an image to be created … in air. Think hologram. Holovect is an application that draws 3D images in air using light.[lxii] It’s a holographic display, presenting free-floating objects in space, and projections can be manipulated in real time.

Hologram technology has developed to the point that actual item A in Hologram Box A in Location A can present image B in Hologram Box B at Location B; the Haptoclone does all, and it’s in real time.[lxiii] [lxiv] Added to this is ultrasound energy which creates the sensation of touching and being touched. In the public environment this might be used as a communication device, seeing the person you’re speaking to in 3D, and being able to experience the sensation of touch.
AARON is a computer program that has been in continual development since 1973, and claims to create original artistic images. Early programming was in C, then changed to Lisp. At one point the programs ran on a DEC VAX 750 minicomputer. Given the early development, many questions were asked about its output, if it was original, the nature of creative work, the nature of creativity versus a program following procedural instructions.[lxv]

Prisma is a program that takes a digital image and changes it to look like a painting in the style of particular painter. With this technology a simple image can have multiple siblings, each with a different style (e.g. Picasso, Van Gogh, Munch, Levitan, etc.). The software, in analyzing the pre-set artists even analyses their brush strokes. This is a welcome approach in an art environment where emphasis on painting techniques has waned, to be replaced by boldness or intricacy of ideas.[lxvi]

The interaction of art and technology is even taught formally, e.g. the University of London has a course titled Machine learning for musicians and artists.[lxvii] Perhaps, just as software can recognise, predict and replicate writing styles of deceased authors, this can be applied to art: Van Gogh, Vermeer, da Vinci, Michelangelo, etc. Sounds kind of like a good thing.

Discussion & Conclusion

Moore’s Law came into effect after Intel co-founder Gordon Moore noted that the number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits had doubled every year since their invention.[lxviii] As a predictor, this Law was first scoffed at, and yet the growth rate of computing power has been incredible.

What is required is a Moore’s Law for AI creativity. The handheld calculator, the chess engine, passing the Turing test, the Go engine, then literature, poetry, music and art. It’s difficult to establish the rate of progress but it is evident.

One area of the AI field is the philosophic questioning about a computer making art, what defines an original piece of work, how human art appreciation differs from computer art, etc. The philosophy of digital art is not an established field; if this field interests you then refer to the work of Dominic Lopes.[lxix]

A connected area of AI art is the programming, e.g. creating an original piece of work at the touch of a button, or taking an image and reinterpreting it in a unique way. Some AI programs have been mentioned, and although each seems somewhat limited, the way creativity expands is to mix and grow exponentially on previous ideas.

A third area is the output of art, which is the intention, after all. One might wonder when (not if) computer art complexity will pass its Turing test. Let the public decide.


Two observations are notable:
  1. Program/ Application fluency is a factor of time.
  2. Creativity is pivotal for product development, and Man’s needs seem without end. Programmers and designers are creative in finding new applications. With software becoming a source of creativity, it will be very interesting to see what transpires.

The perseverant world turns, motivated by profit and perceived value, limited only by Man’s imagination, until now. Back foot indeed, and yet it sounds kind of like a good thing.


- end -


Further reading

  1. 25 real-life robots that will make you think the future is now[lxx]
  2. 5 Advanced humanoid robots you have to see to believe[lxxi]
  3. The 5 best computer chess engines[lxxii]
  4. These androids can hold a conversation and crack jokes[lxxiii]
  5. 9 computer-generated novels you should read, or attempt to, or at least look at in wonderment[lxxiv]


Keywords
AI, Android, Animatronics, Artificial creativity, Artificial Intelligence, Chat robots, Chatterbots, Chatterboxes, Cognitive computing, Computational creativity, computer vision, Creative computation, Creative computing, Humanoid robot, Mechanical creativity, Robot, Robotics, Uncanny Valley


Engines/ Robots/ Androids referred to in this essay
  1. Deep Blue
  2. Houdini 4
  3. Stockfish 6
  4. Komodo 9
  5. Junior
  6. Jonny
  7. Komodo
  8. AlphaGo
  9. SIRI
  10. Eugene Goostman
  11. CleverBot
  12. Erica
  13. Bina48
  14. Nadine
  15. Jules
  16. Sophia
  17. Magenta 
  18. DeepBach
  19. Deep Dream Generator
  20. The Painting Fool
  21. Paul-IX
  22. Holovect
  23. Haptoclone
  24. AARON
  25. Prisma




All references accessed 01 March 2017

[iii]Shigeru Kondo calculated 1 trillion decimal places in 2010; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_root_of_2. Ron Watkins calculated the ten trillion digits; http://www.numberworld.org/digits/Sqrt(2)/